Central
Kalimantan
The Capital
City of Central Kalimantan Province
is “Palangkaraya”
Central Kalimantan consists of one
municipality (Palangka Raya) and five regencies, those are Kapuas, South
Barito, North Barito, East Kotawaringin and West Kotawaringin. The total area
is 153.800 kilometers2, most of the area (70%) is the best forest in
the world, and as “The Heart of the
World”. Consists the forest 126.436 Kilometers2, the swamp
18.115 Kilometers2, the lakes and swampy 4.563 Kilometers2,
and the landscape 4.686 Kilometers2. And the climate is 300C
temperature maximum.
Central Kalimantan have small and big river stream,
length and short which emit a stream of from mountain area northside to the
South, and have estuary to Java Sea. River - the river are; River of Barito 900
Kilometers, River of Katingan 650 Kilometers, River of Kapuas 600 Kilometers,
River of Kahayan 600 Kilometers, River of Mentaya 400 Kilometers, River of
Seruyan 350 Kilometers, River of Lamandau 300 Kilometers, River Lie 250 Kilometers,
River Stork 200 Kilometers, River Moulding 179 Kilometers, River of Jelai 100
Kilometers.
The inland are generally lived by Dayak
Tribes such as Ngaju, Ot Danum, Kapuas, Ma’anyan, Dusun, Lawangan and Klematan.
Each tribe has a specific way of life and also the culture. Most of the
societies who live in town, beach and transmigration area are Banjar, Madura,
Bugis, Java, Bali and tribes from some other countries. And according to the
geography, Central Kalimantan is the one of four provinces in Kalimantan, lies
1110 up to 1160 East Longitude and 0045’ North
Altitude unit 3030’ South Altitude which bordered by : The Schwaner
and Muller mountain range at the West side and North side as natural border.
East Kalimantan at the East side. And South Kalimantan and Java Sea at the
South side.
Central Kalimantan a part from South
Kalimantan since May 23, 1957. Laying of a cornerstone Palangka Raya as capital
of Central Kalimantan on July 17, 1957
by Dr. Ir. Soekarno, first president of Indonesia Republic. The religious of
the people, most of them are Moslem (67%), Kaharingan (15%), Protestan
Christianity (14%) and Chatolic (2%).Moreover one of the most interesting
attraction is Tiwah Festival. Around the Dayak Tribes based on Kaharingan
faith, the Tiwah doing for complete buried his ancestor. Dayak Ngaju are the
biggest, who live in large all over the area. And Dayak Ngaju’s dialect is a
vehicle among them.
Traditional Costumes
Dayaknese
men in Middle of Kalimantan wear Sangkarut, kind of vest in Ngaju dialect.Short
pants is a loincloth covered by square cloth (Ewah). On the head is perched
Salutup Hatue (headdress) combined with bird feather.The women's have Salutup
Bawi (kind of Salutup Hatue), vest, and woven skirt.The pattern of clothes
dominated by natural symbols particulary for women's costume.
Palangkaraya
Palangkaraya is the
province capital of Central Kalimantan and situated in the upstream region of
the Kahayan river In the local Dayak language, Palangkaraya means a holy
container. Palangkaraya can easily be reached from Jakarta, Banjarmasin,
Samarinda, Balikpapan and other points of the island by air. Nowadays, the town
has become the center of government, trade and education of the province. The
Regional Museum of Palangkaraya contains a collection of historical and
cultural interest from all over Central Kalimantan. The Nature Reserve of
Tangkiling lies 34 kilometers north of Palangkaraya. Small rivers flow through
the reserve.
The
Dayak Tribe Culturals
The Dayak or Dyak are the
native people of Borneo (Kalimantan). It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and
hill-dwelling ethnic subgroups, located principally in the interior of Borneo,
each with its own dialect, customs, laws, territory and culture, although
common distinguishing traits are readily identifiable. Dayak languages are categorised as part of the Austronesian languages in Asia. The Dayak were animist in belief; however many converted to
Christianity, and some to Islam more recently. Estimates for the Dayak
population range from 2 to 4 million.
The main ethnic groups of Dayaks are the Bakumpai and Dayak Bukit of South Kalimantan,
The Ngajus, Baritos, Benuaqs of East Kalimantan,
the Kayan and Kenyah groups
and their subtribes in Central Borneo and the Ibans, Embaloh (Maloh), Kayan, Kenyah, Penan, Kelabit, Lun Bawang and Tamanpopulations in the Kapuas and Sarawak
regions. Other populations include the Ahe, Jagoi, Selakau, Bidayuh, and Kutai.
The Dayak people of Borneo
possess an indigenous account of their history, partly in writing and partly in
common cultural customary practices.In addition, colonial accounts and reports
of Dayak activity in Borneo detail carefully cultivated economic and political
relationships with other communities as well as an ample body of research and
study considering historical Dayak migrations.In particular, the Iban or the
Sea Dayak exploits in the South China Seas are documented, owing to their
ferocity and aggressive culture of war against sea dwelling groups and emerging
Western trade interests in the 19th and 20th centuries.
During World War II, the
Japanese occupied Borneo and treated all of the indigenous peoples poorly -
massacres of the Malay and Dayak peoples were common, especially among the
Dayaks of the Kapit Division.Following
this treatment, the Dayaks formed a special force to assist the Allied forces. Eleven United States airmen and a few dozen Australian special operatives trained a thousand Dayaks from the
Kapit Division to battle the Japanese with guerrilla warfare.
This army of tribesmen killed or captured some 1,500 Japanese soldiers and were
able to provide the Allies with intelligence vital in securing Japanese-held
oil fields.
Coastal populations in
Borneo are largely Muslim in belief, however these groups (Tidung, Bulungan, Paser, Melanau, Kadayan, Bakumpai, Bisayah) are generally considered to
be Islamized Dayaks, native to Borneo, and heavily influenced by the Javanese
Majapahit Kingdoms and Islamic Malay Sultanates.Other groups in coastal areas
of Sabah, Sarawak and
northern Kalimantan; namely the Illanun, Tausug, Sama and Bajau, although inhabiting and (in the case
of the Tausug group) ruling, the northern tip of
Borneo for centuries, have their origins from the southern Philippines.
These groups are not Dayak, but instead are grouped under the separate umbrella
term of Moro.
Common interpretations in
anthropology agree that nearly all the Dayaks tribes, are of a larger more
common Austronesian migration from Asia, regarded to have settled in the South
East Asian Archipelago some 3,000 years ago. The main Dayaks are the Bakumpai
and Dayak Bukit of South Kalimantan, The Ngajus, and Baritos of Central
Kalimantan, Benuaqs,Kayan and Kenyah of East Kalimantan, and the Ibans of West
Kalimantan and Malay Borneo, Other populations are the nomadic Punan, which are
live nowadays along the Border between Kalimantan and Sabah / Sarawak. Coastal
populations in Borneo are largely Muslim in belief, however these groups
(Ilanun, Melanau, Kutai) are generally considered to be Islamized Dayaks,
native to Borneo, and governed by the relatively high cultural influences of
the Javanese Majapahit Kingdoms and Islamic Malay Sultanates, periodically
covering South East Asian history. Traditionally, Dayak agriculture was based
on swidden rice cultivation. Agricultural Land in this sense was used and
defined primarily in terms of hill rice farming, ladang (garden), and hutan
(forest). Dayaks organised their labour in terms of traditionally based land
holding groups which determined who owned rights to land and how it was to be
used. The "green revolution" in the 1950s, spurred on the planting of
new varieties of wetland rice amongst Dayak tribes. The main dependence on
subsistence and mid-scale agriculture by the Dayak has made this group active
in this industry. Nowadays, the Dayaks work in the mining industry, wood
industry, and plantations of Borneo.
Dayak Religion
The Dayak indigenous religion
is Kaharingan a form of animism which is categorized as a part of Hinduism in
Indonesia. The practice of Kaharingan differs from group to group, and for
example in some religious customary practices, when a noble (kamang) dies, it
is believed that the spirit ascends to a mountain where the spirits of past
ancestors of the tribe reside. On particular religious occasions, the spirit is
believed to descend to partake in celebration, a mark of honor and respect to
past ancestries and blessings for a prosperous future. Over the last two
centuries, most Dayaks converted to Christianity which was introduced by
European & American missionaries, and created a social bulwark against the
spread of Islam. Relations, however in all religious groups are generally good.
Despite the destruction of pagan religions in Europe by Christians, most of the
people who try to conserve the Dayak's religion are missionaries
Society
The most salient feature of
Dayak social organization is the practice of Longhouse domicile. This is a
structure supported by hardwood posts that can be hundreds of meters long,
usually located along a terraced at the river bank. At one side is a long
communal platform, from which the individual households can be reached.
Longhouses have a door and apartment for every family living in the longhouse.
For example, a Longhouse of 200 doors is equivalent to a settlement of 200
families. Headhunting was an important part of Dayak culture, there used to be
a tradition of retaliation for old headhunts, which kept the practice alive.
Reports describe Dayak War parties with captured enemy heads. At various times,
there have been massive coordinated raids in the interior, and throughout
coastal Borneo. Metal-working is elaborately used for making mandaus ( machetes
). The blade is made of a softer iron, to prevent breakage, with a narrow strip
of a harder iron wedged into a slot in the cutting edge for sharpness. The
headhunting necessitated being able to draw the parang quickly. For this
purpose, the mandau is fairly short, which also better serves the purpose of
trail cutting in dense forest. It is holstered with the cutting edge facing
upwards and at that side there is an upward protrusion on the handle, so it can
be drawn very quickly with the side of the hand without having to reach over
and grasp the handle first. The hand can then grasp the handle while it is
being drawn. The combination of these three factors (short, cutting edge up and
protrusion) makes for an extremely fast drawing-action. The ceremonial mandaus
used for dances are as beautifully adorned with feathers as the dresses are.
Politics
Under Indonesia's
transmigration programmed, settlers from densely-populated Java and Madura were
encouraged to settle in the Kalimantan provinces, but their presence was, and
still is, resented by Dayaks, Banjars and local Malays . The large scale
transmigration projects initiated by the Dutch and continued by the current
national government, caused widespread breakdown in social and community
cohesion during the late 20th Century. The systemic and violent attacks on
Indonesian Madurese settlers, including mass executions of whole Madurese
transmigrant communities. Eventually, order was restored by the Indonesian
Military but this was late in application. The Indonesian government have
stopped the transmigration plan in 2001.
Sapundu, Sapundu is the name of
statue becoming place fasten animals to become sacrifice in custom ceremony of
Dayak.
Rumah Batu “Petahu”, Stone house or of petahu is
their sweetheart house. Small within doors that there are stone which in
mentioning.“Petahu”.
Sandaran,
Arm rest is statue of great
road; to take trip to go to sky ( according to trust of religion of Kaharingan).
Pantar,
Pantar is road; wood street
to go to heaven ( according to trust of religion of Kaharingan).
Ambatan,
Ambatan is a wood statue
which in tide around stumbling over.
Sandung Dulang, Stumble over Tray is a place for to save
dusty and bone from one who have died, which its dead body have in burning.
Sandung Balanga, Stumble over Balanga is a place to save dusty
from result of combustion of human being bones which have died, hereinafter in
keeping in tanjau / belanga.
Mandau,
Mandau is one of the tribe
patrimony weapon of dayak Central Kalimantan which represent patrimony go down
- tfamily which in assuming sacrosanct.
Arboretum
Not far
from the location of Lake Tahai, in the region "Nyaru Menteng" there
are other attractions that are not less interesting sights Arboretum is the
garden of a model forest. Is a rare and protected forest on the shores of Lake
Tahai. This tourist attraction is about 29 km from the center of Palangkaraya,
and can be achieved using two-wheel or four-wheeled vehicles, with asphalt road
condition is still good.At this location Arboretum Park grow various kinds of
trees, like geronggang, meranti, pine, Madang looks, mahang, kamisi (cashew -
jambuan, rambangun, kahui (balangiran) and so forth. This area other than as a
tourist spot also be used as research objects flora.
At this
location there Clinics Arboretum Forest People, that is where the treatment /
care of a sick forest. Although not everyone can go into this area of Forest
People Clinic, but for visitors are provided a special place to see people who
are relatively healthy forest. This certainly will increase the attractiveness
of this tourism object.
Tanjung Puting National Park and Orangutans
Tanjung Putting National
Park is a nature conservation area which is very important to protect the flora
and fauna unique and endemic species on Borneo island. Initially composed of
Nature Reserves and Wildlife Kotawaringin Sampit with total area 305 000 ha.
But since the year 1996 a national park located in the southwestern peninsula
of Central Kalimantan is the vast work to be 415 040 hectares. Geographically
located between 2 ° 35'-3 ° 20 'south latitude and 111 ° 50'-112 ° 15' east
longitude and covers an area of Kumai District, District Kotawaringin Hanau in
the West and Upper Pambuang District, District and Sub Seruyan Sebuluh
Downstream in East Kotawaringin. This area is restricted by a child Kumai
River, River sebalah Sekonyer in the north, River sebaelah Seruyan in the east
and the coast of Java Sea in the south and west. Tanjung Putting national park
along with several others in Borneo, the last stronghold in the rescue Borneo
wildlife and native plants threatened with extinction due to the insistence big
of human life.
You
may not believe this after you have been there only one day or two days or, but
after the third or forth day something happens. You are captivated completely
by the purity of the air, the openness of the night sky with the most
remarkable view of the Milky Way, the magnificence and dignity of the gentle
orangutans, the thundering downpours that instantly cool the air, and the
clarity of the brilliant crimson sunsets. Tanjung Puting is the largest and
most diverse protected example of extensive coastal tropical heath and peat
swamp forest which used to cover much of southern Borneo. The area was originally
declared as a game reserve in 1935 and a National Park in 1982. While the Park
has checkered history of weak protection, nonetheless, it remains substantially
wild and natural.
Tanjung
Puting is covered by a complex mosaic of diverse lowland habitats. It contains
3,040 sq km2 of low lying swampy terrain punctuated by blackwater rivers which
flow into the Java Sea. At the mouth of these rivers and along the sea coast
are found Nipa/mangrove swamps. Mangroves teem with animal life. Tanjung Puting
also includes tall dry ground tropical rain forest, primarily tropical heath
forest, with a canopy of 40 meters (120 feet) with "emergents"
exceeding 50 meters (150 ft) in height, seasonally inundated peat swamp forest
with peat in layers two meters deep, open depression lakes formed by fire, and
open areas of abandoned dry rice fields now covered with elephant grass and
ferns. The tropical heath forest which is called "kerangas" in parts
of Borneo, is only found on very poor, typically white-sandy soils and is characterized
by medium-sized trees.
The
best known animals in Tanjung Puting are the orangutans, made famous through
the efforts of Orangutan Research and Conservation Program, which is based at
the landmark Camp Leakey research station. Tanjung Puting also boasts the
bizarre looking proboscis monkey with its "Jimmy Durante" nose as
well as seven other primate species. Clouded leopards, civets, and Malaysian
sun bears cavort in the park as do mouse deer, barking deer, sambar deer, and
the wild cattle known as banteng. Tanjung Puting hosts over 220 species of
birds, including hornbills, deep forest birds and many wetland species. Tanjung
Puting is well known for its "bird lakes" seasonal rookeries for a
half a dozen species of endangered waterbirds, including the only known Bornean
nesting grounds for white egrets. Tanjung Puting also has two species of
crocodiles, dozens of snakes and frogs, numerous threatened species, including
the fortune-bringing and highly endangered "dragon" fish also known
as the Arwana (bony- tongue). Among the most flamboyant of these animals are
the many species of colorful birds, butterflies, and moths found in the Park.
Tanjung
Puting sits on a peninsula that juts out into the Java Sea . The peninsula is
low lying and swampy with a spine of dry ground which rises a few feet above
the omnipresent swamp. Towards the north of Tanjung Puting is characterized by
gentle hills and gold- bearing alluvial plains. Maps of the region commonly
portray a ridge of mountains coming down into Tanjung Puting. This ridge does
not exist, in fact, nowhere does the altitude rise above 100 feet in Tanjung
Puting. Tanjung Puting is a veritable hothouse of ecodiversity. The diverse
habitat zones shelter slightly different fauna and flora providing a great
variety of microhabitats for plants and animals and thus, the opportunity for
many species to be present in close proximity. In a Bornean context, tropical
heath forest by itself is not representative of the largest trees, the tallest
canopy, or the most diverse ecosystem. Tropical swamp ecosystems are little
represented in protected areas throughout Southeast Asia but are omnipresent in
Tanjung Puting. In the peat swamp forest, many trees have stilt roots or aerial
roots as adaptations to frequent flooding. Aside from its remarkable biological
attributes, Tanjung Puting is highly important for the well-being of the
surrounding local human population. The wetlands provide vital ecological
services such as flood control, stream control regulation, erosion control,
natural biological filtration system, and seasonal nurseries for fish which are
the major source of local animal protein. Many of these services have an impact
well beyond the local area.
For
instance, the waters surrounding Tanjung Puting attract fishing vessels from
many different parts of Indonesia. In addition, local people benefit from a
great variety of forest products including honey, waxes, aromatic woods, fibers
for ropes and cloth, medicinal plants, fuel oils, thatching materials, rattan,
firewood, incense, wild rubber, edible latexes, resins, natural pesticides,
fungicides and possible birocides. For the above reasons and many other reasons
not noted, Tanjung Puting is recognized as one of the most important and
outstanding provincial treasures in Kalimantan Tengah. The national government
has also made a strong commitment to protect the forest, its wildlife and to
manage the park wisely. Tanjung Puting has increasingly gained international
prestige and recognition. As a result, more and more visitors from throughout
the world are experiencing a fresh new outlook on nature and an appreciation of
the tropical rain forest which was humankind's original "Garden of
Eden."
Tanjung Puting is
distinguished by the following
* blackwater rivers with high acidity (pH 4.0
or less)
* pockets of alluvial gold dust
* major populations of wild orangutans, gibbons, dolphins
and dugongs (manatee-like animals that served as the source-material of mermaid
stories) in Kumai Bay
* major populations of refuging monkeys, proboscis monkeys
and macaques which come to he river to sleep in the trees at night
* large populations of hornbills, primarily including the
rhinoceros, pied and black hornbills which are the most commonly seen
* rookeries containing thousands of breeding wetland birds
including darters, night herons, white egrets, and lesser adjutant storks
* only known populations of wood ducks in Kalimantan
* major populations of pheasants including the Argus,
black, and the crested and crestless fireback pheasants major populations of
birds of prey including the crested serpent eagle, Brahminy kites, and
falconettes
* major populations of the endangered Dragonfish or Arwana,
a "living fossil" which supposedly brings good luck to its owners
The
Kapuas Regency
Kapuas
regency owns some nice Tour Adventurous
objects like Rattan Handicrafts, Getah Nyatu Industry in Dahirang, Great
House in Buntoi, Kuara Kurun Waterfall, Batu Suli Hill, Betangs at Tumbang
Anoi, Tumbang Korik, Tumbang Malahoi, Sandung at Bukit Rawi (Rawi Hill), Pasir
Putih (The White Sand) on Cemmantan, and Seashore Landscape on Cemara Labat.
The dominant transportation here is the river transportation.Regency of Kapuas
is geographically located on 00 8' 48'' - 30 27' 00'' South Latitude and 11 20
2'' 36'' - 11 40 44'' 00'' East Longitude. Regency of Kapuas is adjancent to
Regency of North Barito and West Kalimantan Province in the north, South Kalimantan
Province and Regency of South Barito in the east, Regency of East Kotawaringin
and City of Palangkaraya in the west, and Java Sea in the south.
Regency of Kapuas that is capitalized in
Kuala Kapuas has wide area of 14,999 square kilometers and is divided into 204
political districts representative by lurah and 12 subdistricts, namely Kapuas
Kuala Subdistrict, East Kapuas Subdistrict, Selat Subdistrict, Basarang
Subdistrict, Kapuas Hilir Subdistrict, Pulau Petak Subdistrict, Kapuas Murung
Subdistrict, West Kapuas Subdistrict, Mantangai Subdistrict, Timpah
Subdistrict, Central Kapuas Subdistrict, and Kapuas Hulu Subdistrict.Main
commodity of Regency of Kapuas is agriculture, plantation and services sector.
Main commodity of agriculture sector is corn, paddy, pineapple, and cassava.
Main commodity of plantation sector is cocoa, rubber, coffee, and coconut. Main
commodity of services sector is tourism, namely culture and nature tourism.
The
West Kotawaringin Regency
This regency owns the famous tourist and
the adventure objects all over the world. It is the Tanjung Putting National
Park. There are also located Tanjung Keluang Beach, Kubu Bay, Danau Burung (The
Lake Birb), The Graveyard of Kotawaringin Kingdom which called “Kuta Batu and
Kuta Tanah”, Alnursari Palace, The Old Mosque-Masjid Jami Kotawaringin, The
Handicraft of tudung saji, Kecubung (Precious Stone) Polishing, etc. We could
reach the tourist and the adventure objects by land and the river
transportations.
Sumber Investigasi:
F.
I. Fatrick & www.guidingtoindonesia.blogspot.com
